Welcome Aboard!

AHOY,


UPDATE 12/21/13, 11:42 HOURS

I am revealing who I am today i.e. posting my name, I am Keith Oeffinger, I was born in San Antonio Texas in 1963. See today's post 12/21/13 .


Update, 01/11/14 12:30 hours;

I would like to say, with only one reply, like three years ago, this blog seems too much like a mirror site to me. And it appears very few patriots are looking back at past posts.

The new “Fragmented Fighting Facts” series of posts that dedicates one post to each Basic rule has now been completed. This series starts with the post tilted “Post # 1, Planning, Preface” that posted on 05/12/13. This series is under the label “Tri-F in progress”. Posts well be updated as I edit or discover additional knowledge thus the series is the most current version of my "Fragmented Fighting Facts" manual. For an old but complete version i.e. all in one post copy. Patriots are welcomed to try viewing one of the “pages” listed in the “special word section” on the starboard side of the blog. I say try due to the fact I’m not sure if they are published i.e. viewable to the general public due to all the issues or HACKING with my blog. There is also a complete copy posted, that is titled, “Tri-F in progress” too, it was posted 11/13/10.

And feel free to fire away with a reply, (sarcasm on).


FLASH REPORT; the “TERRORIST ARE NOT AMONG US, AND NEVER WERE I.E. AL QAEDA IS A STAWL MAN, GHOST”.

The most important lesson that everyone should have taken away from the Boston Marathon bombings was that those young men proved that no al-queda members are in the u.s. Otherwise they too would just go get some presure cookers and had to a parade.

“I AM NOT A TERRORIST” this nation’s worst enemy is FEAR. This fear is being promoted mostly by the back woods, right wing, Christians of this nation. We need to separate church and state, period. And that is of course for the States sake.


I would like patriots to understand that I use the terms "official revealed fact" to mean what everyone is being told by officials, media etc. I use the term "kings truth" to mean what I know or believe to actually be the actual facts. I DO NOT MEAN IT IN A RELIGIOUS WAY. I.E. the term Kings is plural as in those running the show.


Preface for the Fragmented Fighting Facts

Note pink highlighted material is that, that IMO is questionable factually, it maybe an “official revealed fact” that I am questioning. The material may need to be defined i.e. explained more or it could be a personal note. Yellow is location undecided or unedited material i.e. unread that I have not decided on what to keep or not. Green means a change has been made i.e. an update. By noting the green updated highlights a Patriot well not have to read the Fragmented Fighting Facts in its entirety to stay current. Red is important, perhaps the "kings truth".

Newjarheaddean; this is my collection of combat notes. One might call it my anthology of combat tactics, techniques, methods and skills. The note taking began about fourty years ago (I was around 13 years old) with the observation of 10 rules listed with in a book covering the French and Indian i.e. Native American, wars, entitled “Roger’s Rangers”. That’s right the rules that started all this are “Army Ranger” rules, this book was located in the “Westfall” library in San Antonio Texas off of Vance Jackson. I get a kick out of the libraries name due to the general agreement that modern or state vs state warfare started with the singing of the peace treaties at Westphalia. I could not read at the time; however I knew that a list in a book on war would be important. I copied those rules down like a scribe might have written hieroglyphs and had my dad read them to me. . This discovery preceded numerous sources including approximately one hundred books and about a dozen field manuals, of which a few were of WWII era. These were found at libraries, half price bookstores and garage sales. Since going on line in 2007, I have found material on web sites such as “Defense and National Interest” (DNI), “Global security”, “Strategy page” , “Wikipedia” and “Bayonet strength” and “Efour4ever” in the combat lessons learned section. These last two sites cover WWII.

Previously referred to as K.O.O.L.N. (acronym definition, top secret), FLASH REPORTS; I NOW AM TELLING EVERYONE IT STANDS FOR KEITH OEFFINGER'S ORGANIZATION OF LEARNED KNOWLEDGE the joke on me here was I believed Knowledge was spelled with an (N). I was a special education student and did not learn to read until my last year of high school. I have now titled my work “Fragmented Fighting Facts” or “Tri-F”; the name derives from the computer grammar function always alerting me to the fragmented nature of my sentences. This is due to the “just the facts, ma’am” manor the material is written i.e. there has been little if any effort to write in whole sentences or provide context. This is not to say there is no order with Tri-F, in fact there is a theme. I have laid out the information as one might expect a commander or members of a unit to recall it thus utilizing it to conduct a mission.

We start with “Planning”, followed by the section on “Defense”, then there’s “Preparations and conduct of patrols” or “PCP”, and we end with “Conduct of Engagements” or “COE”, i.e. engagements being the term used here for shootouts. Each section of Tri-F consists of numbered “Basic rules”, each basic rule followed by detailed notes that either relate to, explain, or give examples pertaining to the basic rules. As with the general format of Tri-F, each section’s basic rules are laid out as one might need to recall them. This is most obvious in the last section COE starting with basic rule number one, “Flash report”, i.e. actions to take upon contact with the enemy. This sections last basic rule deals with handling POWs.

Keep in mind this is a work in progress; I’m constantly discovering new information to add which in turn still at times requires rearranging things. At the same time, interestingly enough to me, I have not needed to rearrange my original order of the basic rules for quite some time. There are however, two instances where the detailed information fallowing a pair of basic rules became so similar I decided to combine the pair into one basic rule. These two occurrences are noted in footnotes.

Now heed this, out of all the information contained within this work, only an estimated 1% was taught to me while I was serving in the U.S.M.C. Moreover, to put a fine point on it, it’s worth noting I served in Charlie Company, First Battalion, Fifth Marines, First Marine Division, i.e. an Infantry unit. Before my discharge (after only a two year cruse), I attended Jungle Warfare School in the northern training area of Okinawa (for two weeks), Mountain Warfare School in Korea (for one week) and Combat Town Camp Pendleton for MOUT training (for one day). I did not take part in any amphibious training nor did I ever go to Twenty Nine Palms for Desert Warfare training. We did ride around in AAVs once at Camp Pendleton. All in all I would say the only things I missed out on were a beach landing (at Coronado I believe) and a little sun burn, due to the fact that those twenty nine palms, I was told in the early eighties were all located at the front gate of that base. Needless to say, the training did not impress me, and I now know it was not going to get any better as some suggested to me at the time, and still others later claimed that I should have just stayed in longer.

With my position on the lack of training, I do wish to make it perfectly clear that I do support the service women and men in the U.S. armed forces. I also believe them to be as brave as any people on earth, (with the exception of the (Y) generation). My concern is in the way the Infantry especially is being mislead and used. I want people to understand my experience and IMO a lot of evidence suggests Uncle Sam intends to use his infantry in ways that does not include training any generation in the art of “traditional Guerilla combat tactics” i.e. as a “Traditional Commando” would be. I am not talking about “SWAT” team “Close quarter” tactics, like the “Stick dynamic entry”. That tactic should be called the “cluster f**k”. Just call that sort of tactic what it is NYPD (Cops T.V. show bad-boys, bad-boys) in Afghanistan.

The problem is that that tactic was developed by police departments to deal with an objective occupied by drugged up party animals, i.e. untrained civilians. The police never use it in a spur of the minute situation. They use it when the house/objective has been under constant surveillance for mouths in some cases and the police know all manner of information about everyone in the house and the structure and neighborhood in general. The cops choose a time when everyone is pasted out from partying the night before and have long lost any weapons (between the cushions or under the bed) they might have had on them as show pieces during the party. The primary reason for the large numbers of police in close proximity is to make sure the gang does not think the raid is a rival gang “brake in” and thus resist in any way. There is lots of yelling too, thus reinforcing the message that no one is trying to be covert, like one would be to get away with a crime.

This brings up an intriguing observation of mine; that being that by the book an assault should be made from the top down, yet the troops in Afghanistan and elsewhere use the Stick dynamic entry and usually enter from the front door, like a SWAT team. However resent high profile raids show the SWAT teams attacking from the top down. Examples you may recall are the raids on the Shinning path group in Peru in 2000 and the Mumbai raid by Indian forces on the Jewish center in 2008. IMO this proves the existence of what I’ll refer to as a “need to know” training policy, being followed by various governments, the purpose being to limit the number of true Commandos that could become tomorrow’s rebels, apposing corrupt governments. One last thing about the Stick, IMO every single time the regular forces unit conducting one of these foolish Stick dynamic entries comes under fire i.e. runs into resistance, the Stick brakes i.e. the whole unit evacuates and awaits some kind of support form tanks, guns, tubes or air. Bottom line IMO the Stick is used as a probing tactic and is meant to be a moral boosting show peace tactic to make the unit feel as if it has taken a hill, which was nothing more than another empty building, that IMO Intel suggested, was the case before the entry was ordered. Recalling the police policy of long periods of surveillance prior to raids.

It also seems to me that in light of the old saying “you can fight a war with bombs and blockades but only boots on the ground can win it” ( IMO, Uncle Sam has now revised that saying, as fallows) “you can win a war with bombs and blockades, but only the infantry can end the war”, farther more IMO Uncle Sam has gone one more step and decided to use private security companies and local i.e. indigenous people for the infantry role. All this fear of true commandos is all very similar to the “Mujahideen” not being allowed by various governments, to return to their homelands i.e. native nations, after fighting the Soviets in Afghanistan.

And as for the U.S. and other Western nations, training foreigners to fight a counter insurgency goes. IMO this training includes nothing more than police procedures i.e. conducting investigations, forensics, searching individuals and buildings to collect evidence and yes serving warrants, if necessary, with those all mighty “stick” tactics. And of course, lots of “new innovative techniques and tactics” involving CAS and IMO (Old) so called high tech equipment the U.S. Military Industrial Congressional Complex wants to clear out of the warehouses.

All in all IMO Uncle Sam has chosen to put just about all his eggs in one advanced technology system, think Star Wars Storm Troopers or Matrix i.e. the Operator or Morpheus trying to guide Neo and others to safety. IMO it looks something like this; (x) unit go to (x) address, kick in front door, use stairs to your right, go south down hallway to (x) door, it is unlocked, interning room go to (x) window looking out window to the north you will see your target running east though the neighbors garden. All this information and the “live” feeds of target and area of operations would be provided by a fleet of satellites as well as Near space assets that are never mentioned by the media as current military assets and of course there’s the robots, UAVs and a flood of other covertly deployed sensors as well as covert eves dropping of any civilian electronic devices in the Area of operations.

Thus in light of these and similar so called “new innovative, techniques and tactics” (notice the media and governments choice of words “techniques and tactics” as if we’re talking Commando training i.e. why not use some modern high tech terms the system is so eager to introduce us all to normally as a matter of routine), IMO Uncle Sam has placed the traditional Guerrilla combat tactics, on the back burner and is hoping they all go the way of other black arts.

This is not just true of the infantry; let us take a peek at aerial combat. Does anyone out there actually think today’s U.S. pilots are turning and burning, pulling high (G) maneuvers trying to hit the entry windows and get inside the bandits turn. Think any pilot has conducted a yo-yo or split S maneuver lately or made the choice between a single or two-circle fight. Now days its all about stealth, ECM and Smart even autonomous weapons, missiles especially BVR tech. IMO this explains why the U.S. Navy is not concerned with not having a front line fighter equal to the USAF F-22 Raptor. An article I recently read on “Strategy page” mentioned a lot of talk about a Navy F/A-18E at an air show, displaying a little F-22 silhouette decal i.e. a simulated Kill credit symbol/icon. IMO the F/A- 18E did not gun down that kill.

And then everyone knows that just about all now and IMO soon all weapons systems including the bayonet well have a chip in it.

So if the electronics ever fail (maybe due to a shift in the axis of earths electromagnetic field, passed a certain point or perhaps a record size solar flare) IMO it well be the masters of the age-old Guerrilla combat tactics i.e. The Fragmented Fighting Facts Basic Rules that survive, keeping in mind “no one wins”.

I also wish, that those who join the various services where told all this up front i.e. “we do not intend to train you as a traditional Commando”.

Another thing I would like everyone to consider is that; what makes a Marine special is not the training she or he receives, no it’s the steel the youth demonstrates when they choose to join the Marines. Even when compared to the Special Forces, who IMO are only specialists in their particular field, once again mostly high tech specialties and whose ranks are filled with older personnel that have already been serving and have graduated from a boot camp i.e. are aware of the hoop and hype hurry up and wait tactics. And who are then usually chosen i.e. coached into changing their MOS. I am aware of the change in recruitment policy after 2001 allowing for direct entry into the S.F. community. IMO a rarity and IMO it is still not the same as just choosing to go to a Marine Corps Recruit Depot from the start.

Furthermore, to those who just well not accept the truth about the lack of training along the lines of traditional Guerrilla combat tactics. I can now say that I have exchanged comments with a number of Iraqi and Afghanistan combat vets. These comments can be found on the internet if you Google up my call sign, Newjarheaddean also spelled with one (D). IMO it is obvious that the tactics I speak of are news to the vets, some have made commits that proves in combat they were just winging it. And no, I don’t believe that all the vets are observing some kind of code of silence on these tactics including the vets who are against the wars. Unless everyone wants to say that YouTube and other internet companies are conspiring to edit all combat footage that shows these tactics being used and that, the vets are staging other videos that show them (albeit with great bravery) as armatures without a clue and winging it. If anyone ever sees video, showing the tactics listed in Tri-F being used, be sure and provide a link with your comment. I once saw a flash of film on CNN showing combat in Lebanon during the 1980s that showed some of these tactics being used by a Guerrilla fighter. I well also say I do believe that UAV footage is edited by the Pentagon to keep the public from seeing the few but well trained Taliban and other Guerrilla fighters that are using these tactics. Alternatively, maybe people think our professional highly trained well-equipped military is unable to defeat 10 – 20 thousand religious extremist amateur thugs in almost a decade of fighting. All the while killing at least by some estimates 100 a mouth including dozens of top commanders.

Let me also say, on the numbers of U.S. PTSD casualties, i.e. IMO, WIA, (And IMO deserving of a Purple Heart). The Government portrays these cases as a result of fighting a war that is “unlike any other war we have fought before” (LOL). Facing an enemy that is fighting in some mysterious and or cowardly manor that simply cannot be countered by military means. I believe the high numbers are a result of US forces fighting in a manner that is suicidal i.e. pointless and counterproductive to the real world situation. Example; you have a young brave American ready to fight for the nation, while on one of these IMO “Russian roulette parades” someone shoots at the unit from some building, everyone scrambles for cover, as some spray and pray, then after determining the location using SWATS (Soldier Worn Acoustic Targeting Systems) sniper detectors, or one of the many similar vehicle mounted systems the commander calls in some sort of CAS, if someone’s brains have been blow out especially if it was an officer or the location is vague, a real “crowd pleaser” maybe used i.e. 2000 pounder.

IMO this is how 90% of engagements (fought by regular infantry units) are resolved. Special Forces are now and in the feature more and more regular infantry well be using the Matrix. And to those that think this is the exception I say show me the number of WIA or KIA (On either side) by small arms fire i.e. during traditional firefights. Even if one includes sniper fire those figures are really low. So IMO after witnessing all the carnage and innocent civilian life being lost and receiving all those looks from the witnesses, it is the American that realizes it is his unit that is not fighting right.

This is reinforced and really sinks in back in the states when the vet is asked to tell the Commando stories that never occurred and thus the vet must tell the truth i.e. give up the Commando reputation, keep it all inside or start lying. If the first option is chosen that unveiling reality is demoralizing and makes it all not worth it. If either one of the other chooses are made IMO the vet becomes the ticking bomb. And I can tell you all that many times, I have recalled being told once that “when you go home keep your mouth shut about the things we did. If you don’t you well be thought of as a liar or crazy and either which way your life well be over”. That First Sergeant was right, but like my daddy use to say, “He’s right but he does not know why he’s right” i.e. IMO the First Sgt. thought of what we did in terms of remarkable heroic feats. However, IMO certainly since the beginning of the Vietnam era, it is the lack of training i.e. the manner in which our service women and men are fighting that keeps this tragedy going.

I would also suggest the vets of today are just like I was 25 or so years ago in the sense that they know there training is lacking, however, they just cannot explain what’s missing. However unlike me they refuse to accept that old fashion “black arts” are the answer i.e. should be the basis of basic training. And I now know the “Black art” tactics they and I should have been trained in and I can now say, “The PFC that told the Corp it was out of step, now has provided the proof”. What surprises me is that most vets it seems don’t care at all about the tactics I speak of and seem to view me as an unpatriotic “party pooper”, when I’m just a U.S. Marine trying to improve the Corps and save lives. Bottom line IMO the infantry needs to consist of unmarried i.e. undistracted, NO CHILDREN, dedicated true professionals, trained in the tactics listed in Tri-F and many more I am sure exist.

And to those that say “chivalry is for the museums” I say “first we must have peace on earth”.

One Newjarheaddean

“Let no Marines ghost say if my training had only done its job”

" Give me a million dollars and I well change the world"

" When it comes to persecution and suffering that fairly tale about christ dose not have (S) nothing on me"

" I well bet my lucky start"

“IKYG”

G-day!

Update; 12/19/14 09/53 hours




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Monday, May 20, 2013

Post # 22, Defense rule # 5

AHOY,

Update; 06/12/13 10: 39 hours this was just the title change. 

Fragmented Fighting Facts

Defense

Basic rule # 5


5) Set up observation and lessening post:
O/Ps & L/Ps, Post centuries in pairs. Relieve them frequently to avoid fatigue. Every four hours is common. Extreme cold centuries relieved very two hrs. One century for observing one for recording/making notes. Switch duties every 20 minutes. Post should check in on regular basis, if they fail to do so, go see why. Don't call post. Check in times should precede approach time intervals. Centuries should challenge in low clear voice not loudly, this is the rule weather behind enemy or friendly lines. They should wait till last minute. Don’t shoot unless stepped on. If you most take foe out do so silently. You can shoot in eye socket for silencer. If enemy sneaks near, but dose not discover your post all the better. With group have leader approach first then rest of group, one at a time. Each member is okayed and I.D. by leader. Counter sign tactics- there are two parts challenge word for century and pass word /patrol word. Principals #1) Remain oriented to objective; you should not be deterred by minor distractions obstacles or scanty resistance. O/P & L/P are trip wires for attack. Intel is useless unless organized and delivered in timely manner. When in the desert or at sea timely information is more important, negative sightings as important as positive. Number messages so missing or added or false ones will be noted. Separate facts from opinions with a line. If there is a good chance a message will be intercepted, have messenger memorize real massage and carry a false written note. Note messenger could be made aware of contents to use during interrogation, i.e. to counter the testing of captures honesty. Send more then one by different routes. Casualties or bad news delivered by messengers to maintain morale. Messenger can serve as recon too. The fallowing is an acronym used by troops to record information of interest. I Salute R.W.P.  In this case it is a tactical recognizance report. Here we keep it simpler compared to Concept of operation reports. As an individual one would not be observing more than a company size unit at once. One would simply go right down the line noting observations as observed. Note there are some important differences on infuses, mainly R. and W. (I) I.D. who or what. (S) Size, how many. (A) Activity, what was going on. Dust rising high up into sharply defined columns chariots/vehicles are coming. Low and broad Infantry. Dispersed in thin shafts they are gathering fire wood or searching. Spars coming and going they are encamping. If their pennants and flags move about they are in chaos. (L) Location, also give your location and distance form activity. (U) Unit, again the details may or may not be available or noted. Clothing, uniforms, patches. (T) Time, date and time of acquisition and for each activity. (E) Equipment, again simply what is observed. Vehicles, communication, weapons. (R) Reinforcements, allies or signs of working with others, like talking on phones, preparing sites, leaving things behind. (W) With drawl, direction last seen or if you leave area first, witch way might they have gone. (P)? Undecided, could be personalities etc. Seldom up this is yet another acronym to gathering information. This one is used by Marines monitoring communication equipment. Size, Equipment, Location, Disposition, Organization, Movement/morale, Units, Personalities. Five (Ws) and an (H) this is a strategic report. Who, What, Where, When, Why, and How. In this case the acronym is used to answer questions in general over all (on a long term strategic basis).

Mnemonic-style Tactical reporting formats;

Terms worth noting, BOLO (be on the lookout) list?” For HVIs (High-value individuals) in order to trigger a QRF) for HVI rollups.

A to H Report (Individual/HVI Report)

Age: How old does the individual look? Give a range, for example 16 to 20 years old. Build: How is the individual built? For example, bulky, fat, skinny, etc. Clothing: What is the individual wearing? For example, a white dishdasha, a red headscarf, and black sunglasses. Distinguishing marks: Are there any unusual or identifying marks that make the individual stand out? For example, missing half of an index finger on the left hand. Elevation (read: height): How tall is the individual? For example, appears to be between 70 inches and 72 inches tall. Facial features: Are there any unusual or identifying marks on the face? For example, scars, an odd nose, eye color, a beard, a pierced ear, etc. Gait: What is the manner of the individual’s walk? For example, a limp or anything peculiar about how the individual walks or his stride. Hair: What is the color and style of the individual’s hair? For example, bald or jet-black hair that comes to a widow’s peak.

SCRIM Report (Vehicle Report)

Shape/Size: Is it a sedan, sports utility vehicle, truck, bus, or motorcycle? For example, a pickup truck with an extended cab. This detail is especially important if make/model cannot be determined. Color and condition: Go beyond just a primary or secondary color; answer what the hue/shade is. Is it missing paint? For example, cherry red with a primer gray passenger door. Registration: Does it have plates or some other unique identification tag issued by a government? For example, Virginia State tags, 123–ABC. Identifying marks: Are there any unusual or identifying marks on the vehicle, either for what it has or what it is missing? For example, has a roof rack and is missing the passenger side view mirror. Make/Model: Who makes it and when? For example, a Ford F–150, appears to be between a 1996 and 2000 year model.

(Reference, Step # 3, concepts of Operations, part A) forces available and Equipment and Weapons available reports.)

Principals #2) Retain freedom of maneuver; keep the big picture in mind. You should position yourself for surviving and observing. Position chosen for view, clear communications and defensive properties. Roof tops, pros: good view of area, less traffic, cooler and long range communications possible. Cons: must be camouflaged from air observation. Could prove difficult to withdrawal if surrounded. In general you should not move around a lot, pick a spot and stay there, chances are you will see and hear just as much from one location as another. Protection against surprise. Passive measures are camouflage, dispersion, noise and light discipline, hide or defile positions. Active measures conduct patrols set up O/P and L/P. Classifying of post, primary, alternate and supplementary. Day or Night as well as morning/evening, so view not obscured by sun. Extreme north long hours of summer provide long time for viewing, especially from air visa versa (Vv.) in winter. Visibility and observation analyzed independently. Visibility changes with weather, observation with terrain.
Four factors of target exposure; Terrain, Position of observer, Light and atmosphere.
Methods of searching Focus scan This method maximizes peripheral vision. Procedure, focus on object 3 ft out in front of you. You well notice a moment of focus in the peripherals, if you try to concentrate on anyone thing besides point in front, you loose your peripheral vision. Looking for something in the brush, focus on something on the opposite side, though brush.

AKA jungle eye look through it not at it. Stoop occasionally and look along jungle floor.

Quick scan search with eyes first, before moving head. Method used to gather quick understanding of large area. It’s an over lapping sweeping pattern from right to left. Start at nearest point and work out from your position. Adjustments made at 50’ or 50 meters depending on scale of area to be covered. Your eyes well notice more on the right to left sweep. This fact is what makes it easier for someone to locate next line on page they are reading. Search sector 90 degree. Left and right limits 45 degrees each. Eyes tend to relax during search and distant objects blur, to counter this you should focus on clouds or distant land features often. Squinting can help; it changes the focal length of the eye. Searching for aircraft a narrow search sector produces best results. Often inexperienced searchers look to close to horizon for a/c or far too high. Proper angle is 20 degree above horizon. Same distance from tip of little finger to tip of thumb with fingers fully extended at arms distance from face. Once you spot aircraft keep an eye on it. If you most look away note location, direction and speed using clouds or note land features directly below. Detail scan used to check an object or area closer, especially at night. It is a Diamond pattern. Eyes will not focus in motion. Move your eyes in short abrupt irregular movements’ halting your eyes at a fixed point, i.e. Diamond corners, every 4 to 10 seconds around the object or area. The purpose is to concentrate on out line of object. When you look directly at object the image is formed on the cone region located in the stern of eye. Which is not sensitive to night time light. Looking slightly to one side or top of object the  image is formed on retina containing rod cells, witch are sensitive to visual purple night light. Most sensitive area varies with individuals 6-10 degrees. Rod cells bleach out in 4-10 seconds. To demonstrate this, place dark object on table in a very dim lighted room, look right at it, then just off to one side. AKA Off-Center Vision. During the daytime when an individual looks at an object, he looks directly at it. However, if he did this at night he would only see the object for a few seconds. In order to see this object for any length of time, he must look off center 6 to 10 degrees. Normal Blind Spots. Present, day and night. It is caused by the lack of light receptors where the optic nerve inserts into the back of the eye. Occurs or observed when you use just one eye. When you close one eye, objects about 12 to 15 degrees away from where you are looking will disappear. When you uncover your eye, the objects will reappear. Consequently, larger and larger objects are missed as the distances increase. Examples "night blind spots," A hand grenade 2 meters away, soldier at 50 meters, tank at 300 meters.

When light enters the eye, it first passes through the cornea, then the aqueous humor, lens and vitreous humor. Ultimately it reaches the retina, which is the light-sensing structure of the eye. The retina contains two types of cells, called rods and cones. Rods handle vision in low light, and cones handle color vision and detail. When light contacts these two types of cells, a series of complex chemical reactions occurs. The chemical that is formed (activated rhodopsin) creates electrical impulses in the optic nerve. Generally, the outer segment of rods are long and thin, whereas the outer segment of cones are more, well, cone shaped. Below is an example of a rod and a cone:

Image edited

Features of recognition
 (S) Size, should be reduced as much as possible then care taken to limit exposure. Objects look closer; when the object is higher than observer (as in mid air) viewed peak to peak when all of valley is not visible. Object is below you, the distance is long and slopes down ward towards object, sun behind you. Or on a bright clear day. When in bright light, spot light etc. The object is of bright color. Object is larger then surroundings, large in size, most of object visible, of regular outline like buildings. When object is framed, EX; viewed through window. In the dessert or at sea by a magnitude of 3. Objects look farther away; when observer is in prone position, looking down narrow long alley/corridor, viewing from above or peak to peak with the entire valley visible. Object above you (distance long, slopes up to wards object) sun is in your eyes or shining from behind object. Object is smaller than surroundings, camouflaged or of dark color, of irregular outline like trees. On hazy, foggy, rainy days. Object in dim light, after sunset or during twilight. Note to clarify the one comparison that may be confusing; objects at bottom of long sloping surface look closer, if surface slopes upward object looks farther away. This seems in contrast to statement; when object higher than observer it looks closer. This is due to the long sloping surface Vs an unseen (as in mid air) or irregular one.

(Reference, COE rule # 9/10 eye focus)
(S) Shape, you should break up nature look of things. Change out line. Eliminate strait lines. Avoid skintight clothing.
Shape and Outline
Make sure the added camouflage does not hinder the equipment's operation.
Shape: Patterns:
Rows of vehicles and stacks of materiel create patterns that are easier to detect than random patterns of dispersed equipment
Equipment paint patterns. The critical relationships that determine the contrast between a piece of equipment and its background are the distance between the observer and the equipment and the distance between the equipment and its background. Since these distances usually vary, it is difficult to paint equipment with a pattern that always allows it to blend with its background. As such, no single pattern is prescribed for all situations. Field observations provide the best match between equipment and background.
Besides ordinary non-glossy paint, liquid vesicant chemical agent detector, M5, can be applied to the helmet in a mottled pattern to give two kinds of protection at once.
(S) Shadows, more pronounced in desert or arctic. Will move with sun. Move quickly with wind at night when being produced by flares. This makes the ground at your feet appear to be moving too, makes it difficult to maintain balance when running. Illumination rounds are placed behind your position in defense, right over enemy when in the offense. This produces shadows out in front of your position and eliminates shadows as much as possible around enemy, like high noon time. Do not cast shadows on windows, outdoor ways around corners, off roof tops or from objects of cover and concealment. When you are in a tree they must be disguised or concealed. You should park vehicles with maximum vertical area facing sun, dug in too, so you lower the profile, reducing length of shadows. White painted cardboard or burlap placed in shadows. Shadow area illuminated with mirrors. Direction of travel noted by sharp corners. Shadows are the same length as objects casting them at noon. This varies with your latitude and seasons of the year.
Shadow can be divided into two types:
A cast shadow is a silhouette of an object projected against its background. In desert or snow environments, a shadow cast by a target can be more conspicuous than the target itself.
A contained shadow is the dark pool that forms in a permanently shaded area. Examples are the shadows under the track guards of an armored fighting vehicle (AFV), inside a slit trench, inside an open cupola, or under a vehicle. Contained shadows show up much darker than their surroundings.
Also, if you are in a dark shadow and there is a light source to one side, an enemy on the other side can see your silhouette against the light.
Newjarheaddean’s “Shadow caster gizmo”.

(Reference, COE, Charactteristics of Military oprs in Desert Warfare, “Because there is little vegetation”)

 (C) Color, pay close attention to changes in back ground, especially in deserts. Change vegetation as terrain changes, and often i.e. every few hours to counter welting. Vegetation is struck into belts, straps, button holes, laces. Three colors gives maximum verity and coverage. Anymore colors not enough coverage any fewer colors and less chance of matching back ground.
(T) Texture, Reflections give you away for miles. In desert you can stop on vegetation, in shadows or on broken terrain. Nets can reduce glare or flat paints and rubber surfaces too. Shine caused by wet surfaces. Exposed skin of the face or hands reflects light during the day or night. Even dark skin. Face painting stripe pattern best for morning and evening, blotch pattern for mid day. For specific terrain, blotch is best for temperate deciduous forest and arctic, broad strips for carnivorous forest, and jungles, thinner strips for deserts and grassy or open areas. Highlight low lying areas like eye sockets, neck, and side of face. Darken prominent features nose, lips, chin, cheeks, forehead, and ears. Use two colors on each surface. A little trick was to paint nose like small face. Up close if you were stationary enemy could think he sees you off in the distance. SP the Army is trying to find a face paint that would block the thermal signature of human skin but has yet to find a workable solution. Note IMO they don’t want this tech getting into the hands of the enemy. Using blood red color trauma design i.e. painted up like injuries. Blood red scarf when wet would look like wound, dirt added for guts.
Texture:
A rough surface appears darker than a smooth surface, even if both surfaces are the same color. For example, vehicle tracks change the texture of the ground.
Shine
Whenever possible, wash oily skin and reapply camouflage. If you must wear glasses, camouflage them by applying a thin layer of dust to the outside of the lenses. Cover shiny spots on equipment by painting, covering with mud, or wrapping with cloth or tape. Pay particular attention to boot eyelets, buckles, watches, jewelry, zippers, and insignia. Carry a signal mirror in its designed pouch or in a pocket with the mirror portion facing your body.
Shine from optical instruments (which should be kept shaded),
Running gear on tracks that has been polished by wear.
Local materials can also be used. The color and texture of the local terrain is best represented by placing dirt on vehicles and using a little water to make it stick.
Skin:
Avoid using oils or insect repellent to soften the paint stick because doing so makes skin shiny and defeats the purpose of the paint. What about heating?  Don’t forget to get behind the ears, back of neck and arms.
When paint sticks are unavailable, use field expedients such as burnt cork, bark, charcoal, lampblack, or mud. Mud contains bacteria, some of which is harmful and may cause disease or infection, so consider mud as the last resource.
Reflectance; is the amount of energy returned from a target's surface as compared to the energy striking the surface. Reflectance is generally described in terms of the part of the EM spectrum in which the reflection occurs: Visual reflectance is characterized by the color of a target. Color contrast can be important, particularly at close ranges and in homogeneous background environments such as snow or desert terrain. Also, the human eye cannot discriminate color in poor light. Temperature reflectance is the thermal energy reflected by a target (except when the thermal energy of a target is self-generated, as in the case of a hot engine). IR imaging sensors measure and detect differences in temperature-reflectance levels (known as thermal contrast). Radar-signal reflectance is the part of the incoming radio waves that is reflected by a target. Radar sensors detect differences in a target's reflected radar return and that of the background. Since metal is an efficient radio-wave reflector and metals are still an integral part of military equipment, radar return is an important reflectance factor.

(M) Movement, number one reason you will be spotted. Beautifully colored birds are often not seen in the jungle until they move. You should move in slow and flowing movements. Nature is always on the move, this way you blend into back ground. Moving when wind blows is a good idea. Local noises, aircraft, vehicles, may distract foe. Remain in shadows even if it means going out of your way. If you’re not moving at the time airburst or search light hits you, stay still. If it’s a ground flare (meaning someone tripped it) or spot light hall ass. Move immediately after illumination goes out.  Watch animal’s sheep when frightened huddle and look in the direction of what frightened them. Geese and horses look and move away. Rodents run, do not fallow in their paths. Someone hearing them might spot you. Crickets stop chirping up close because of you, at a distance because of enemy. Birds where they congregate it is usually empty. If they get quite or suddenly all take to flight, something or some one has spooked them. Animals are generally better indicators of enemy presents than sight or sound, smells can be the best indicator.

(Reference, PCP rule # 8, Tracking, “Wild Life”)
You should stay down wind of objective to reduce detection. Stay up wind of fires to avoid smoke smell on you. Do not wear bug fuck/repellant, deodorants or colons. Smells in general and of animals/horses especially strong at dawn and at evening. Non smokers should be kept up front.
Movement: When moving past obstacles, avoid going over them. When you are moving, you will have difficulty detecting the movement of others. Stop frequently, listen, and look around slowly. When hiding or traveling, stay in the deepest part of the shadows. Forcing an enemy to look through many layers of masking vegetation will fatigue his eyes very quickly. If capture appears imminent in your present location and you must move, move away slowly, making as little noise as possible. Moving slowly conserves energy. Use background noises to cover the noise of your movement. Sounds of aircraft, trucks, generators, strong winds, and people talking will cover some or all the sounds produced by your movement. Rain will mask a lot of movement noise, but it also reduces your ability to detect potential enemy noise.


The LCSS lightweight camouflage screen system, is a modular system consisting of a hexagon screen, a diamond-shaped screen, a support system, and a repair kit. You can join any number of screens to cover a designated target or area.
The LCSS protects targets in four different ways. It—
Casts patterned shadows that break up the characteristic outlines of a target.
Scatters radar returns (except when radar-transparent nets are used).
Traps target heat and allows it to disperse.
Simulates color and shadow patterns that are commonly found in a particular region.
Erecting Procedures:
Maintain the net a minimum of 2 feet from the camouflaged target's surface. This prevents the net from assuming the same shape and thermal signature as the target it is meant to conceal.
Sloping the net over the target also minimizes sharp edges, which are more easily detectable to the human eye.
Extend the net completely to the ground to prevent creating unnatural shadows that are easily detected. This ensures that the net effectively disrupts the target's shape and actually absorbs and scatters radar energy.
The preferred net is the lightweight camouflage screen system (LCSS), desert version, which provides concealment against visual, near IR, and radar target acquisition/surveillance sensor devices. Additionally, the transparent version of the LCSS allows US units to camouflage radars (less CW type radars) without degrading operations. A desert camouflage net should be a complete cover, as it depends on its limitation of the ground surface, and both color and texture, for its effect. The alternatives to the LCSS in order of priority include the following:
The specially produced desert-pattern net of the lightweight screen system.
An open-weave cloth and close-weave cloth.
A standard net garnished solid, threaded in long straight strips that have been colored to harmonize with the terrain. The garnishing must be maintained.
The number of nets issued depends on the size of the equipment to be covered, but should be sufficient to allow a gradual slope of not more than 15 degrees from the top of the equipment to the earth. Each company-size unit should be equipped with a spray gun and various tints of paint to provide for temporary variations in net color to match the terrain.

When using nets for stationary equipment--
Camo must be easily removable to maintain reaction times.

Hook and hold a camouflage net to the ground away from the vehicle by using wooden pegs or long steel pins, depending on soil consistency.
After dismounting local security, camouflage is the first priority when a vehicle halts. Actions to be taken are--
 
Shadow areas covered with burlap screens. chicken wire to lighten up area too.
Upon stopping vehicles blot out tracks at lest as far as you can.
The shadow can be broken up, which is normally achieved by sitting equipment next to scrub or broken surfaces, such as rocks. Equipment should not be sited broadside to the sun, and it is usually necessary to move as the sun moves. Vehicles passing over pebbles or heavy ground surfaces press the pebbles or gravel into the soil, causing track marks to be prominent. Avoid such areas if possible. Use existing trails and blend new trails into old ones whenever possible.
Soil texture suitable for digging must be a consideration when reconnoitering for battle positions.

In forward areas, operations centers Vehicles should not be allowed to approach closer than 300-400 meters. Generators dug-in  allow adequate air space for cooling. Equipment in area limited, Radios and antenna systems must be remote and in different directions.
Drivers must avoid harsh use of accelerators, the main cause of diesel plumes.
Vehicle silhouettes can be reduced in the forward areas by removing cabs and tops.
Follow the ground pattern, if possible.
All vehicles of a given type should look alike. This will make it difficult for an enemy to pick out critical vehicles, such as water and fuel trucks, in a column. Canopies over fuel trucks disguise them and prevent radiant heat from striking the fuel containers.
Vehicles should follow the tracks of the preceding vehicle if it is possible to do so without breaking through the crust, as this reduces the possibility of an enemy intelligence analyst to calculate how many vehicles have passed.


Disguises, Decoys, Diversions and counter measures:

Camouflage Discipline; always remember concealment of your unit is a cooperative responsibility shared by you and every individual in the unit. The unit will suffer for the mistake of one member. You won't always have time to do all the things that are mentioned, but you must find time to do the most important ones for the job at hand. Order of importance, from top of the head down; that is, from the most frequently exposed parts to the least exposed.
Marine wearing ladies blue and white head bonnet in cultivated field of high vegetation, so first thing enemy may see well look like a women working in field. Members of irregular unit switching items associated with their personal identification (like a wrist band) as anti I.D. tactic. You should always suspect that what you’re observing could be a D.D.D. and you should all ways be prepared with counters. Deception is one of the arts of war. In theory it should favor offense, in practice it favors defense. Because attacker is up and about searching for defense. It is one of the primary means to achieve surprise. It conceals ones intentions and capabilities. It causes adversary to react less rapidly and to employ forces in less then optimum manner. When committed to employing troops feign inactivity, thus although your capable display incapability to them. When objective is near, act as if it is far Vs., be differential (showing difference respectfully) to foster there arrogance. Display profit to entice them. Create disorder in there forces and take them. If they are rested force them to exert themselves. If they are united cause them to separate. One who has emissaries come forth wants to rest for a while. One who seeks peace with out setting any prior conditions is executing a stratagem /ruse i.e. move to gain. One who’s troop’s half advance and half retreat is enticing you. Psychologically, soldiers are weakest immediately after a win. Victorious soldiers are focused only on raping, looting and sleeping. Let invaders pass by, then attack them from behind after the battle.
Presents of a flag may make attacker think there up against larger unit. Marine signaling as if he is communicating with other Marines to advance, makes foe believe there’s more Marines advancing. Foe well make effort to see advancing Marines, compromising his concealment. In the northern landscape the back ground is not always all white, rocks shrubs brush and shadows make sharp contrast with snow. After freshly fallen snow has melted a little the dead tones of brown and grey start to re-appear.  In woods (some times snow on ground but not in trees) green field jackets maybe warn with white pants Vs. Also with mixed clothing or all whites’ enemy and friendly troops look alike. Hiding behind small object in the shadow of larger one is often over looked. Decoy positions must be placed to fallow tactical plan but far enough away from actual to avoid damage. When withdrawing form base leave detail behind to maintain campfires etc. With radios and equipment retain original operators until withdrawal/replacement complete. The enemy could notice changes in voices and operators habits. And realize unit is moving out.
Tracks once made stick to them. Bring in supplies on one well concealed route. It may be advantageous to make more tracks to show signs of greater strength than available. Tracks leading to dummy position must be made. Tracks should lead though real position to lead enemy past base. Obvious tracks can be made in retreat direction. Avoid turn around loops. Tracks should end on hard ground or at water. Tracks filled with ashes/coals etc. to make them appear fresh to IR. Vehicle tracks molds/cast made so they can be moved. Gaps made in actual tracks will make them look like molds/casts i.e. dash patterns of decoy tracks.
Vehicles Zig Zagging well distorts tracks in sand. With wet sand extreme inside tread maybe still visible. Vehicles could also tow trailer with wheels rotated to reverse tread of tracks. With water jets on EFV could there not be some sort of attachment to turn jets into blower to erase tracks.
In the summer tracks across open surface are quit clear to aerial observer and may become quite firm during low night temperatures and will remain indefinitely, as indications of movement. Nature may assist by covering tracks with newly fallen snow or storm concealing all movement. Trees being dragged behind vehicle to cover tracks. Mujahideen traveling with sheep herds. Germans during WWII drove cattle ahead of them as cover for an attack. Concealment from air is of greatest concern.

(Reference, Preparations and conduct of patrols, rule # 9)
Over head tarpaulins or netting, vegetation etc. should be used to cover any extensive digging in snow or earth. Nets used for cover should not be pulled to tight this reveals each supporting pole. Use poles to lift cover off of vehicles or equipment etc. Increases circulation and surface space permits use of top surfaces. Parachute material is good for camouflage and is water resistance. In dessert cover not available concealment more important. Decoy trenches need only be 1 foot deep if floors are lined with vegetation cut to scale. Snow used to make decoy vehicles can be quickly shaped with shovels. Details added by placing ashes, branches, dirt, logs, poles etc. can be frozen into place by pouring water on them. White paper, when wet, can be applied and allowed to freeze on all kinds of surfaces. Snow and vegetation can be placed on actual vehicles to make them look like decoys. Supplies stored in shape of vehicles. Limit activity around actual vehicles equipment and post. Vehicle exhaust or firing of large caliber weapons, as well as Marines breathing may cause local vapor fogs in extreme cold. Maybe necessary to shut off engines or leave vehicles in stern areas. Move weapons frequently. Marines can place ice/snow in mouth although for only short periods of time due to body heat loss. If you need fires to stay alive or keep weapons operational, have many more than necessary for positions and move around frequently.

(Reference, PCP rule # 7)
Wood fires should not be aloud in day light hours. If drift wood available remember it well not smoke (DO NOT USE FOR RESCUE FIRES). Long chimneys of blocks of ice to cool smoke before exhausted. In open areas smoke from fires hangs immediately above position if there’s no wind. Under certain conditions like night fall. If position is on high point smoke may flow down hill/down wind. Deception or concealment might be gained by deliberately causing local vapor fogs and allowing it to settle in low lying areas depressions etc. Forest fires, when smoke begins to flow over your position it means a lot of the heat and energy etc. has been lost by the fire. Marines can attack or retreat with fogs on mountain sloops. Fog will shift with changes in temperature and sun. In dessert dragging chains or hovering helicopters can make small units look larger. Maneuver units can leap frog ahead of one another and mask each other with dust. Bleeding diesel fuel into exhaust/onto manifold will make smoke for screening. Traveling during early morning or late evening hours, the sand is damp thus there is less dust. Smoke screens may last longer in MOUT; dust more of a problem with no wind. In snow environment using white smoke for concealment. Smoke screens can be effective when placed behind approaching weapon, between it and crew operating it, to block shooters view of weapon. Smoke used to mask the lack of movement. Pneumatic devices hampered in temperatures below zero or at high altitudes. Blankets or sheets being used as screens should be wet down to resist wind. Smoke pots or fires placed or positioned to hamper I.R. Lt. Amplification or lasers. Burning tires, placed on vehicles near engine, will look like engine already hit. Fumes form rubber puts petrol chemicals in air like oil from engines. Roofing tiles, felt paper and asphalt have very similar signatures. Can be placed on vehicles located on roads or in parking lots to hide them. Chlorophyll from the crushed or cut grass shows on infra-red line scan (IRLS), note mowed lawn grass or mulch? Also to hamper IR keeping one side of vehicle (human body altered every 20 minutes?) facing sun all day, the other side covered with tarps, boards or sand. At night with the covered side uncovered it will show up a lot less on I.R. You park vehicles side by side, sandwich style. Vehicles look like one. Movement at precise time can foil aim of incoming weapons. Also fast moving vehicles traveling down roads with lots of irregularities like dips, can cause just enough vertical displacement for a miss. Drape targets with pictures or paintings of damage. Scarecrow drawl fire props. Placing many items in windows and doorways. Wind and fans used to simulate motion/movement. Hope is snipers will shoot at them and give away their positions. “Trojan Horse” missions utilized on occasion in Iraq. Marines were given relaxed grooming standards, local dress and a civilian vehicle (modified with armor and radios) and conducted patrols in areas with insurgent activity. A QRF was on call and positioned nearby. Such operations have the ability of disrupting insurgent activities. Any insurgent operating in areas of Trojan Horse missions are occurring must wonder: “Is that a cab driver sitting in that taxi over there, or is it..?” I understand the principal of this tactic, however imo the example is pure trash. And actual cab driver would know that the yanks were not real taxi operators. And any QRF just setting around out side the base would be in more danger than the “Trojan Horse” detail.
To make few look like many at good range, say 600 yards. Use small number of troops. Exposed at varying points though brush, wearing different equipment in various positions on them etc. Facing and moving in same direction. Deference between 2-6 second exposure can mean life or death. Also multi scaled scarecrow props largest to smallest, set up at increasing ranges according to scale in order to have realistic appearance i.e. give the illusion of depth. To slow or harass enemy patrol, you first shoot off flare at close enough range they will stop and investigate. As soon as patrol regroups and begins to move on there way. Shoot off second flare. Third time you attack. Assaulting a position at night, attack started first with a few mortars, then burst of machine gun fire, troops shouting battle cries, then at once nothing. 30-40 minutes later all repeated. Battle cry much louder, they had crawled forward and where much closer. You could also have reserve troops repeat battle cry the second time from same distance as the first, while attacking troops assault silently. Chem.-lights placed on top of houses to mark for air raid, passed out to locals in Iraq who placed them on the family rival’s roofs. Humvees IR strobe light invisible to naked eye, seen with NVG aids drivers in locating other vehicles. Can look like weapon muzzle flashes. Note shooter using as concealment screening of their muzzle flashes within buildings.  
Mimic sounds from a distance up close volume gradually increased /decreased. Using high energy lasers to cook off ammo of crew served weapons, endangering crews and causing weapons malfunctions.

With persons suspected of wearing synthetic facial prosthetics for disguises one could use a laser beam, by adjusting the heat level and observing the individuals reactions or lack thereof i.e. if the nose is false there would be no reaction. This for field expatiate measure. Without having access to IR imaging equipment sensitive enough to distinguish the different signatures.   
Peace meal tactics, a little of everything being done at once, with no certain activities obvious to observer i.e. pre-positioning equipment.
Troops riding high up in lattice structures far above normal truck bed level as an anti mine tactic.
Guerrillas placing flares into the air to cause many shadows and light fluctuations to hamper aerial sensors.
Flares or illumination rounds used by ground forces esp. around water standing or running, to hamper aerial sensors. Note standard illumination rounds designed to show light only down, right?
Taliban gathering for meetings in gardens, note they look like average workers. Also earlier mention of gardens being were weapons well be buried.
Producing shadows that look like weapons.
Shadow caster i.e. flash light adapter that would be able to produce silhouettes like shadows to mimic troops running by etc.
Instinctively applying Napoleon's dictum of preparing a circumspect defense before unleashing an audacious attack.
Machine i.e. computer knowing the gamers so well i.e. habits chop of keyboard. Could this not be used against those war gamers in real war.
Aircraft spaying fuel mixture from tanks i.e. dumping fuel than ignited by flares.
Off repellant clip on i.e. fan unit that distributes insect repellent around individual. Note could there not be an anti I.R. arousal agent used in same way.
Trawler fishing nets to stir up silt from bottom as concealment for subs.

Box of cigars TNT sticks.

Light sensors set to turn on outside lights time set to turn off out side lights and in side light
Methyl laded tablets stove
Always keep decoy weapon /unloaded etc. in the open loaded hidden remember as long as enemy believes decoy is real/loaded just as effective for offensive/bluff. Blank magazine in case enemy brings his own ammo.
Wig makers i.e. tailors provide disguises.
Ransom money sprayed with chemical. disintegrates in 72 hours.
Funerals used to smuggle supplies, equipment, or weapons. In side coffins or corps.
Your own restaurant open to the public makes food supplies safe for your consumption.
Peer to peer renting
Helicopter making dry runs at attacking surface troops. Meaning gunship out of ammo, but enemy would not know and would still take cover.
Slice of bread as an air filter.
See also chem. warfare Greek fire, napalm
The weapons would be hidden in trees orchards and flower nurseries. The IRA would used women drivers with kids in rented cars.

Red filters on vehicle dome lights and flashlights, while designed to protect a soldier's night vision, are extremely sensitive to detection by NVDs. A tank's red dome light, reflecting off the walls and out through the sight and vision blocks, can be seen with a starlight scope from 4 kilometers. Red-lensed flashlights and lit cigarettes and pipes are equally observable. To reduce the chances of detection, replace red filters with blue-green filters. Shine at night moonlight and starlight can be reflected as easily as sunlight.
NVG difficult to tell difference btw. Plastic bottles and ordinance. Shells etc.
Source SP Rosecroix,
Aoccdrnig to a rsceearh at an Elingsh uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoatnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteers are in the rghit pclae. The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it...

Hehe, AND it adds a whole new layer of denyability. Whats not to like?

Camouflage, concealment and decoys discipline CCD
DDD
CCD discipline depends largely on individuals it involves regulating light, heat, noise, spoil, trash, and movement. Vehicle tracks are the most common signs of military activity. One poorly concealed vehicle can compromise an entire task force. Use natural and artificial materials for CCD. Natural CCD includes defilade, grass, bushes, trees, and shadows. Artificial CCD includes BDUs, camouflage nets, skin paint, and natural materials.
Iraqi vote registration. combined with food drive discourages attack and provides cover.

Uniforms: starching counters the IR properties of the dyes. Replace excessively faded and worn BDUs because they lose their CCD effectiveness as they wear.
Shine starched uniforms). Plastic map cases, and clear plastic garbage bags also reflect light. Vehicle headlights, taillights, and safety reflectors not only reflect light but also reflect laser energy used in weapon systems.


Dispersal:
Dispersal is the deliberate deployment of soldiers and equipment over a wide area.

Equipment: The following guidelines should be used to conceal engineer activity:
Employ the minimum number of equipment and personnel.
Keep equipment well away from the site.
Complete all possible preparations well away from the site.
Soldiers assigned equipment, such as vehicles or generators, should be knowledgeable of their appropriate camouflage techniques.

Individual Fighting Positions:
Remember that too much CCD material applied to a position can actually have a reverse effect and disclose the position to the enemy. Obtain CCD materials from a dispersed area to avoid drawing attention to the position by the stripped area around it.

Desert Concealment and Camouflage
FM 90-3 Appendix E Desert Operations
In the desert, you encounter an increased range of vision. Total concealment is rarely achieved.
Cover from enemy direct fire may be afforded by dunes, hills, and other irregularities in the desert terrain.
Light and heat:
Light and heat discipline, though important at all times, is crucial at night. Lights at night can be observed at great distances. For example, the human eye can detect camp fires from 8 kilometers and vehicle lights from 20 kilometers. Threat surveillance can also detect heat from engines, stoves, and heaters from great distances.
Noise:
For example, muffle generators by using shields or terrain masking or place them in defilade positions. Communications personnel should operate their equipment at the lowest possible level that allows them to be heard and understood.

Spoil:
The prompt and complete policing of debris and spoil removes a key signature of a unit's current or past presence in an area.
Track:
Use existing roads and tracks as much as possible. When using new paths, ensure that they fit into the existing terrain's pattern. Minimize, plan, and coordinate all movement;

METT-TC
The following sets forth a METT-TC methodology to help determine CCD priorities:
Mission.
Enemy. An enemy's RSTA capabilities often influence the camouflage materials and CCD techniques needed to support a unit's mission. Before beginning a mission, conduct an intelligence analysis to identify the enemy's RSTA capabilities.
Terrain and weather.
Troops. A change in the environment or the mission often requires additional training on effective techniques. Leaders must also consider the alertness of troops. Careless CCD efforts are ineffective and may disclose a unit's location.
Time. The time available to employ CCD countermeasures, and the time necessary to remove and reemploy camouflage during unit relocation.

Five general techniques of employing CCD explained:
Hiding:
Hiding is screening a target from an enemy's sensors. using conditions of limited visibility for movement and terrain masking. Examples of hiding include:
Burying.
Placing vehicles beneath tree canopies.
Placing equipment in defilade positions.
Covering vehicles and equipment with nets.
Hiding roads and obstacles with linear screens.
Using battlefield obscurants, such as smoke.
From optical sensor; Earth cover, Earth embankments, Vegetation, LCSS, Screens, Smoke
From thermal; same as above.
From radars; Chaff, Earth cover, Earth embankments, Vegetation, Nets, RAM, LCSS

Blending:
Generally, it is arranging or applying camouflage material on, over, and/or around a target to reduce its contrast with the background.
From optical sensors; Paint, Foam, Lights, Vegetation, LCSS, Textured Mats
From thermal sensors; Thermal paint, Foam, Air conditioning/heating , Vegetation, LCSS, Textured mats, Water,
Insulation
From radars; Vegetation, LCSS, RAM, Reshaping, Textured mats

Disguising:
Disguising is applying materials on a target to mislead the enemy as to its true identity. Disguising changes a target's appearance so that it resembles something of lesser or greater significance. For example, a missile launcher might be disguised to resemble a cargo truck or a large building might be disguised to resemble two small buildings.
From optical sensors; Reshaping, Paint, LCSS
From thermal sensors; Reshaping, Painting
Radar; Corner Reflectors
Disrupting:
Disrupting is altering or eliminating regular patterns and target characteristics. Disrupting techniques include pattern painting, deploying camouflage nets over selected portions of a target, and using shape disrupters (such as camouflage sails) to eliminate regular target patterns.
From optical sensors; Camouflage sails
From thermal sensors; Flares, smoke
Radar; Chaff
FOS , Pyrotechnics, Smudge pots, Balloons , Strobe lights, Tracer simulators,  Smoke

Decoying:
Decoying is deploying a false or simulated target(s)
From optical sensors; Decoy target (pneumatic or rigid structures), Lights, Smoke,
From thermal sensors; Decoy target, Flares , Air conditioning/heating, Smoke
From radar; Decoy target, Corner reflectors , Signal generators

Have a helper chain the gates shut to lock the pursuit vehicles in.
Change vehicles under overhead cover to lose any airborne pursuit.
Anti-tank missiles will not recognize a motorcycle and will fly past it.
Continually fire flares at night, but from many different mortars.

(Reference, Step # 3 General phases of an attack, Phase one the attack and phase two contact)



Lessening post:
Used when unit is set up in thick vegetation, during bad weather or at night. They are placed farther out than O/P to give more time to warn of attack. Do to fact detection most likely well be at closer range then visual. You can hear better with mouth slightly open, when not breathing or breathing through mouth. When you are close to the surface, especially in holes or trenches, with ears cocked/cupped or next to pole, knife etc. stuck in surface or can/steel pot placed open end up. In winter hoods will canalize and hamper hearing. Helmets wind whirling around causes noise. Snow especially when it’s falling reduces all sounds. In MOUT location and the source of sounds becomes difficult due to the nature of echoing. And the tendency of sounds to carry farther at night. With armor the squeal and squeak of the tracks is louder than engine and easier to pinpoint. Note whistle Vs. yelling in base tone i.e note. This for hailing/calling others to your local. Detection of older Infantry fighting vehicle IFV 800 meters. For the newer Stryker, LAV or M-1 tank 200 m. Canon fire rounds are herd in coming, mortars are not. Average speech hard at a distance of 1320’ in a vacuum, or sound prove volt, 400’ out in the country side, 125’quite office/library, 40’ average office/department store, 12’ lobby or mall, 4’ at road side, 15” for subway. Sound range estimation by flash and sound. Sound travels through air at approximately 350 m/s, count seconds between flash and sound if you most count more than 9 seconds start over. Multiply number of seconds by 350 to get the range to weapons in hundreds of meters. Helicopter blades making different sounds at altitude, more of a cracking sound.
Mentioned on SP under warplanes F-35 has a fatal flaw. A decibel is defined as 10*log (P1/P0), which means "twice as loud" will add 10*log (2) = 3.01 decibels to the noise level. So, "Twice as loud" only means another 3 decibels and, since the power of sound decreases with the square of distance, 3 decibels is barely noticeable from far away.  If the media stays out of it, I doubt anyone will notice. 


This concludes this post of Defense, basic rule # 5

" Give me a million dollars and I well change the world"

" When it comes to persecution and suffering that fairly tale about christ dose not have (S) nothing on me"

" I well bet my lucky start" IKYG

G-day!
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